@article {10.3844/ajessp.2025.110.120,
article_type = {journal},
title = {An Empirical Investigation of the Pollution Haven-Halo Nexus in Eastern and Southern Africa},
author = {Kaulu, Paul},
volume = {21},
year = {2026},
month = {Jan},
pages = {110-120},
doi = {10.3844/ajessp.2025.110.120},
url = {https://thescipub.com/abstract/ajessp.2025.110.120},
abstract = {This study looks into the relationship between trade and pollution in Eastern and Southern Africa from 1977 to 2016. This timeframe is particularly relevant as it was marked by rising CO₂ emissions despite major climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+, 2007), as well as the Paris Agreement (2015). Using time-series data and the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) method, the analysis tests the Pollution Halo and Pollution Haven Hypotheses with CO₂ emissions as the regressand while trade openness, agricultural expansion, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and structural breaks are independent variables. Findings indicate that trade openness significantly raises CO₂ emissions, with a coefficient of 5632.72 kilotonnes (p},
journal = {American Journal of Environmental Sciences},
publisher = {Science Publications}
}